Ten Thousand Years

Roman Mars: This is 99% Invisible. I’m Roman Mars.

Matthew Kielty: I want to start with a letter.

Roman: And this is reporter Matthew Kielty.

Matthew: This is a letter that got sent out to a couple of hundred people back in 1990. So Roman, if you have the letter and–

Roman: Yes. Sure. Sure.

Matthew: — you don’t mind.

Roman: Yes. Dear so and so, the safe disposal of nuclear waste is one of the most pressing issues facing the United States today.

Matthew: It totally is. But if you actually– if you skip down past that, there is– I mean that’s just about how there’s these people were planning on burying a bunch of nuclear waste out in the New Mexico desert at this place called the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. But if you go down another paragraph–

Roman: Okay. You have been nominated to participate in the study sponsored by Sandia National Laboratories that will identify what kinds of markers should be placed at the WIPP site–

Matthew: WIPP site. Just jump down a little bit further.

Roman: –to develop a marker system that will remain operational during the performance period of the site, 10,000 years. [laughter]

Matthew: There it is. There it is. That is the part that I love.

Jon Lomberg: I had a moment of wondering if it was a joke.

Matthew: This is Jon Lomberg. He received one of these letters which makes sense given his line of work.

Jon: I’m an artist. And I work on projects involving unusual communication problems.

Matthew: The dude spent time in the 70’s working with Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan on the Voyager Golden Record.

Roman: One of NASA’s attempts at communicating with aliens.

Matthew: So you’d think this sort of thing would be right in his wheelhouse.

Jon: No. Usually, you don’t get asked to design something that’s going to last 10,000 years. That’s twice the span of recorded human history.

Matthew: The federal government really was calling on him to help protect people 10,000 years in the future.

Roman: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, W-I-P-P or WIPP for short, was ordered into existence by Congress in 1979. The thinking was the US ought to have a safe place to put radioactive by-products from nuclear weapons manufacturing and nuclear power plants. And a quick refresher, even though you don’t see radiation and you might not feel its effects right away, exposure to radioactive materials can destroy your body at a molecular level. It can leave burns, it can cause cancer, it can even mutate your DNA.

Matthew: And the thing about radioactivity is that it is very spreadable. Say you’ve got a tool that touched a piece of plutonium. Now, that tool is radioactive. And say a worker was wearing protective gloves while using that tool, chances are those gloves are radioactive, too.

Roman: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant was designed to store all of this stuff and keep us all safe from it.

Matthew: The WIPP site is in New Mexico, deep in the desert, about 26 miles east of Carlsbad.

Jon: It’s a really cool place. It reminded me of kind of the headquarters of Spectre or Dr. No in the James Bond novel, ’cause it’s this big underground facility filled with technicians in coveralls. And it’s all color coded depending on what they did.

Matthew: Jon saw the WIPP site in person when he accepted the invitation from Sandia Labs to go be a part of the big group think on designing a 10,000-year warning for the place.

Jon: How could you turn it down?

Roman: This was in 1991.

Matthew: So the workers took Jon into an elevator shaft. And they go down about a half a mile beneath the surface. And that’s where Jon saw these enormous caverns.

Jon: They’ve carved out this repository in basically a salt deposit– salt deposit 200 million years old. And we think of salt as white. But this salt, for reasons that I don’t understand, was kind of a salmony pink color. So the walls of this place were all crystalline with this sort of shot through with these hues of salmon and pink and orange. So it was actually quite beautiful.

Matthew: All this radioactive stuff will all be loaded into thousands of oil drums and packed into these caverns. And then this underground chamber will be sealed up and left alone. Years will pass. And those years will become decades. And those decades will become centuries. And centuries will roll into millennia. Then people above ground will come and go. Cultures will rise and fall. And all the while, below the surface, the salt will do what salt does with the right temperature and pressure. It will slowly creep making that cave full of waste smaller and smaller and smaller until the salt swallows up all those oil drums crushing them, entombing them. And so there, solidified in the Earth’s crust, will be these gloves and these tools and these little bits from bombs that we made, all still radioactive, poisonous, for more than 200,000 years. Basically, forever.

Roman: Storing something dangerous safely, forever is a huge design problem. In fact, the jury’s still out on whether they solved the basics of the storage problem at all. In February of 2014, a leak was detected that exposed several workers to low levels of radiation. And WIPP has been closed since. The Department of Energy now predicts that it could be up to three years before WIPP is fully operational again.

We know these facts because we can look it up and read the news in a shared language. But the problem that Jon Lomberg was brought out to New Mexico to solve was not about communicating the danger of WIPP to people today. He wanted to figure out how to tell people millennia from now that this place is dangerous.

When Jon Lomberg arrived in New Mexico, he met the teammates he’d be collaborating with. There were geologists, linguists, astrophysicists.

Matthew: There was science fiction writer Gregory Benford.

Maureen Kaplan: And you would be the archaeologist.

Matthew: This is Maureen.

Maureen: Maureen Kaplan.

Roman: An archaeologist with the consulting firm ERG.

Matthew: Do you remember what you thought of the people they’d gotten together when you first saw them?

Maureen: I was like, “Oh, my goodness.”

Matthew: She was kind of star-struck.

Maureen: I went, “Jon Lomberg. Wait a moment. Aren’t you the one who did the picture that went off into space in terms of trying to communicate with whoever might find Voyager?” So I was impressed.

Matthew: After hellos and what not, the Sandia folks split. All these smarties in to two different groups.

Jon: So they’d have kind of two separate thinking processes.

Matthew: Jon was in Group B, Maureen, Group A.

Jon: And then–

Matthew: And then they laid down the ground rules.

Jon: They told us to assume that we’re designing a warning marker for humans.

Matthew: Not aliens. Not cyborgs.

Jon: But for a human being biologically identical to us but who’s alive 500 or 5,000 or 10,000 years from now. How can you make a message that human will understand?

Matthew: And why 10,000 years?

Jon: As far as I can determine, the logic seemed to be, “Well, if we told them to design a marker to last 250,000 years, that’s clearly a ridiculous and absurd proposition. 10,000 years doesn’t sound quite so crazy.” [laughter] So it was just pulled out of the air.

Roman: In other words, even though this site is going to be radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years, this panel was only responsible for keeping this place sufficiently labeled for humans for the next 10,000 years.

Matthew: Let’s get some perspective. Think about where humanity was 10,000 years ago. Back then, there was a hot, new technology taking the world by storm. It was called farming. Before the agricultural revolution, human subsisted as gatherer-hunters.

Roman: Biologically, we are the same people we were 10,000 years ago. Actually, that’s true going back over 40,000 years. But culturally, we share almost nothing with these people.

Matthew: Definitely not language.

Jon: Well, no, ’cause the linguists tell us that language changes. Language has a half-life just like radioactive materials have a half-life.

Matthew: And this half-life isn’t very long. Think about Shakespeare.

Male: My cousin Westmoreland? Nay, my fair cousin.

Female: Alack! What poverty my Muse brings forth.

Male: But this dotage of our general’s O’er-flows the measure.

Jon: Some of the words are tough.

[foreign dialog]

Matthew: How do you say that? But, high schoolers can get through it.

Roman: Although Shakespeare was only 400 years ago, 4% of 10,000 years.

Male: What?

Matthew: Go back to Beowulf?

[foreign dialog]

Matthew: Written in Old English?

[foreign dialog]

Matthew: Basically incomprehensible.

[foreign dialog]

Jon: Yes. It’s like a different language.

Matthew: And I know you can’t see this, because this is radio. But trust me; it’s just as confusing on the written page. You can recognize most of the letters as being part of the English alphabet. But they barely correspond with how we use these letters today.

Roman: And that’s from your 1,000, 10% of 10,000 years.

Jon: There are some languages that are very resistant to change. That is languages that get enshrined in Biblical texts, in religious texts.

Roman: Latin, Hebrew, Arabic.

Matthew: But those aren’t sure bets either. The oldest written text go back to ancient Sumeria about 4,600 years ago. And those languages are long since dead.

Roman: And that’s not even the halfway mark of our time frame.

Matthew: So, both Team A and Team B at the WIPP brainstorming session realized pretty quickly that every language on the planet today could be gone well before 10,000 years.

Jon: And how can you start a conversation with somebody that you have no common language with?

Matthew: Both groups weren’t sure about this. But then they thought there’s got to be something better than language.

Jon: Symbols.

Matthew: Symbols.

Maureen: Pictures. There are some facial expressions which are pretty universal.

Matthew: Like the smiley face: two dots for eyes, half-circle for a mouth. It’s happy.

Maureen: Yes.

Matthew: And take another one.

Maureen: For like yuk.

Jon: A symbol called Mr. Yuk.

Roman: If you were alive in the 80’s, you know this one.

[music]

Mr. Yuk is me.
Mr. Yuk is green.

Roman: It’s a logo of a green face with squinty eyes and a stuck-out tongue. The face looks like it’s about to be sick.

[music]

Sick, sick, sick.

Roman: It was designed to be put on cleaning products and other household poisons to let kids know that whatever is inside is going to be horrible for you. And so thinking along those lines, they considered another logo which they thought might be universal.

Jon: Actually, Carl Sagan proposed it.

Matthew: Sagan couldn’t make the panel. But he sent in a letter saying, “This whole marker problem was easy. You just need the right symbol.” And he knew just the one.

Jon: The skull and crossbones. The jolly roger.

Roman: Death incarnate.

Jon: Well, do you know where the skull and crossbones came from?

Matthew: No. No, I don’t.

Jon: The earliest uses of it are in religious paintings and sculptures from the middle ages where at the foot of the cross where Jesus is crucified, there’s a skull with two bones in the shape of a cross, not an X, the shape of a cross.

Matthew: Huh.

Jon: And it’s Adam’s skull. And the bones were the symbol of the resurrection.

Matthew: Oh.

Jon: So instead of it being a symbol of death, it was a symbol of resurrection and rebirth. But fast forward a couple of centuries–

Matthew: There’s a lot of trade going on, merchant ships traveling to and fro.

Jon: And in the ship’s log, if a sailor died, the captain would put a little skull and crossbones next to his name. And a lot of the sailors came to associate that symbol with death. The rebirth part of it was kind of lost. Fast forward another century–

Matthew: You’ve got pirates out marauding on the high seas. They’ve plundered other boats and stole their cargo. And along the way, some pirates realized they could use a symbol to let their targets know who they were.

Roman: A branding campaign to terrify their targets into compliance.

Jon: Yes. To make clear, “We’re pirates. And if you don’t surrender, we’re going to kill you. It’s your death.”

Matthew: But there are actually several different icons that pirates used.

Jon: For example, a heart with blood dripping out of it.

Matthew: That was a popular pirate flag?

Jon: And an even more popular symbol was an hourglass.

Matthew: An hourglass?

Jon: An hourglass meant, “If you don’t surrender in a certain amount of time, we’re going to kill you all.”

Matthew: Oh.

Jon: So the hour glass for a while was the most feared pirate symbol.

Roman: But then one of the logos got famous.

Matthew: In 1720, a pirate named Calico Jack Rackham was captured and put on trial. In the legal proceedings, it came out that two of the pirates in Calico Jack’s crew were women. And that one of them was pregnant with Calico Jack’s child. This was the tabloid scandal of the day. And everyone in England was reading about this trial. Anyway, it just so happened that Calico Jack’s symbol was the jolly roger, ‘though in his case, the bones were replaced with a pair of crossed swords.

Roman: Quick aside, the name Jolly Roger is probably an English corruption of the French, “jolie rouge” or “pretty red”, because the original pirate flags were red, not black.

Matthew: After that trial, the skull and crossbones started showing up on book covers.

Jon: Treasure Island kind of novels.

Roman: The skull and crossbones was permeating culture as a symbol of danger.

Matthew: Jump ahead to the late 1800’s, dye factories in Germany started using the skull and crossbones as a symbol for poison. Half a century later–

Jon: The Nazis adopted it as the symbol for their SS Death’s Head Divisions.

Matthew: So the skull and crossbones came to be associated with danger and death around the world. But it didn’t become universal. Not really. Think about what’s happened with the skulls and crossbones in the last 20, 30 years? It’s gone mainstream. Now, you’ll see it on kids’ book bags, on onesies for infants. You can even buy water bottles with the skull and crossbones. So much for the whole poison thing.

Roman: And the original meaning as it pertains to Adam and the resurrection is long gone.

Jon: The lesson that we took from this is that symbols can change.

Roman: Iconographical drift happens.

Matthew: And we haven’t even touched on cultural interpretation. Like there’s a candy company in Mexico called La Catrina. And their logo, the logo that goes on the packaging for their sweets, is a skull.

Roman: And so to bring us back to the WIPP site in New Mexico–

Matthew: The two teams of smart people at WIPP realized that symbols couldn’t be trusted to mean the same things over time. So next idea?

Jon: We could tell a little story using stick figures.

Roman: Visual storytelling.

Matthew: A stick figure that any five-year-old could draw.

Jon: Yes. A circle on top, a trunk, two arms, and two legs.

Matthew: Why?

Jon: Well, there are two things that seem to be universal in human art. One is a stick figure. And you find them all drawn on the walls of the caves and in the cave paintings that are 25,000 years old, which by the way maybe the only piece of graphical art surviving for more than 10,000 years.

Matthew: That is art from which we can draw a meaning. And Jon says there’s another convention that is universal.

Roman: A sequence of events.

Jon: First, this happened. Then, this happened. And then, this happened.

Matthew: So like a narrative, a story.

Jon: A narrative, a storyboard, a comic strip. You just find it everywhere. And in fact, you could even define a symbol using stick figures.

Matthew: Check it out. Let’s do a simple comic strip. So first frame, you put a small child.

Roman: And the child is in front of a small plant, a sapling.

Matthew: Second frame, that child is a little bit bigger now. And the sapling behind him has grown a little bit. Then, next to the child is a barrel. And on that barrel is the symbol for radiation, the trefoil symbol. And the child is touching that barrel. Go to the third frame. You got a full-grown, big, old tree. You got a child that is now an adult, a human being, except the person is lying on the ground presumably dead, X’s over their eyes, frowny mouth. And the barrel now with the trefoil symbol is open. And so clearly, the idea is don’t touch anything with the trefoil symbol or at least not a barrel.

Ramon: Of course, you read it from right to left. And it’s a totally different story. The old guy who is sick discovers the fountain of youth. And he is reborn.

Matthew: Okay. All is not lost. Maybe you could use arrows. Arrows are universal. Or maybe you could situate the various comic strips in a sequence that you can only see sequentially based on how they’re arranged in the space. So I don’t know, maybe it’s possible to create a universally recognizable warning sign that way. But really, regardless of whatever symbol we’re trying to come up with or whatever story that we’re trying to tell, can we actually build something, make something like a physical, tangible thing that can last 10,000 years?

Roman: The brainstormers at WIPP thought about building something from solid gold.

Jon: Well, what’s going to happen? They’re going to get stolen.

Matthew: Maureen Kaplan, the archaeologist, her group realized the same thing.

Maureen: Metals were going to get recycled.

Matthew: So no bronze, no aluminium. That basically leaves you with rocks. And rocks can erode. And who knows? A giant monolith could be useful to some future desert person. You could just tip it over on its side. And then you have a foundation for your house.

Roman: Here is the critical moment where all the obvious choices have been exhausted. Language, symbols, and story boards weren’t going to cut it.

Matthew: And here’s where plans for the WIPP site start getting really wacky. There was this one guy in Maureen’s group named Mike Brill.

Maureen: Mike Brill was a landscape architect.

Matthew: And an artist. Brill has since passed away. But Maureen remembers in their group, Brill had this revelation. You don’t actually need to transmit information into the future. All you need to do is make somebody scared of being in that place.

Maureen: He was trying to see sculpt the landscape such that it in itself gave a warning to people who were coming there. And he was thinking a massive scale, on a scale greater than I’d never imagined.

Matthew: Like one drawing which Mike called the Landscape of Thorns. A drawing of these huge needles–

Maureen: Sharp, pointed, angular.

Matthew: — jutting up from the ground.

Maureen: You know, the earth itself became a cactus.

Roman: Make the land itself ominous and impassable.

Matthew: But–

Jon: The last thing you want to do is draw people to see this incredible work of art. It’s, “You got to see this thing. It’s odd. It’s a half-mile of these giant spikes. What the hell is it?” So somebody builds a hotel for them to stay in. And they decide to dig a well for water. And there you are. You’ve just caused exactly what you’re trying to avoid.

Roman: When all was said and done, both groups submitted their proposals. But Sandia Labs found most of the ideas a little too pie in the sky. Here is Roger Nelson, the Chief Scientist at the Department of Energy’s Carlsbad Field Office which owns and operates WIPP.

Roger Nelson: If we build any markers, they need to be constructed at a reasonable cost. Because it’s just not right to ask real– current generations of real people today to sacrifice– due their tax dollars or whatever– to invest in protecting a hypothetical intruder into some very far future from a risk for which there’s likely no harm to resolve.

Roman: In fact, the panel that met to figure out the WIPP marker system was actually not the first instance of thinkers being brought together to consider how to communicate the dangers of nuclear waste over time. There was one such meeting in 1981 for the Yucca Mountain Project which was eventually scrapped.

And the Yucca Mountain Project had probably the craziest idea proposed. And even though it was never suggested for WIPP, it’s become the 99pi in-house favorite method of communicating with people 10,000 years in the future. In fact, that’s probably the reason why we’re doing this story at all. Call it the “ray cat solution”.

Matthew: My hands down favorite approach came from these two European philosophers, Francois Bastide and Paolo Fabbri. It goes like this. The two of them got thinking that the most durable thing that humanity has ever made is culture, religion, folklore, belief systems. Sure they morph over time, but an essential message can get pulled through. And so Bastide and Fabbri said, “Here is what we’re going to do. We’re going to genetically engineer a species of cat that changes color in the presence of radiation. Then we’d release them out into the wild to become feline Geiger counters.” And that’s just step number one. Step number two, “We will create entire system of folklore about these cats. So we will sing songs about them. We will draw pictures of them. We will tell stories about them. And like any good story, there’s more, that when you see the cats turn color, run far far away.”

[music]

So don’t change color, kitty.
Keep your color, kitty.
Stay that midnight black.
The radiation that the change implies
Can kill, and that’s a fact.
The radiation, whatever that is,
Is something we don’t want.
‘Cause it withers our crops
And it burns our skin
And it turns our livestock gaunt.

So don’t change color, kitty.
Don’t flash your eyes.
So don’t change color

Matthew: Once this ray cat folklore becomes embedded into our culture, the knowledge it contains can evolve with us even as our language shifts. 10,000 years from now, these songs or these stories may sound incomprehensible to us, but as long as they communicate this idea that it’s not safe to be where the cats change colors, we will have done our job. May the ray cats keep us safe.

Roman: The plan that Sandia Labs decided to move forward with does not involve ray cats, sadly, or a landscape of thorns. It doesn’t even involve the skull and crossbones.

Roger: Another conceptual design includes a big dorm, 30′-high, or some construction around the [inaudible] repository.

Roman: That’s Roger Nelson again, the Chief Scientist overseeing WIPP. At the end of the day, the powers that be decided to go with solutions that the panelists have pretty much cast aside. They’re marking the area with large granite monuments–

Roger: Large granite monuments at each corner and in the middle and some several buried libraries.

Roman: There will be information in seven languages, the six languages of the UN – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish – and also Navajo.

Roger: Because it’s the most prevalent indigenous language of the area.

Roman: The plan is still being finalized. But keep in mind, we’re talking about protecting people that our great great great great great great great great great great grandkids will never know.

Jon: We have a duty to warn them.

Maureen: We have a responsibility to mark the area.

Matthew: After a certain point, yes, I started wondering, like, “Isn’t this just a bit ridiculous?” While I was researching the story, I read about this town called Tallevast, a small predominantly African-American community about an hour, hour and a half south of Tampa, Florida. In the 1960’s, a beryllium processing plant was setup in the middle of town. The plant manufactured components for nuclear bombs and also built pieces of the Hubble space telescope. Anyway, it turned out that this plant was never very good about dealing with its waste. The beryllium dust and other toxins made their way into the town’s ground water. And Tallevast had always gotten its water from shallow wells. Residents started noticing that a lot of people were getting diagnosed with cancer and other diseases including berylliosis which you get from exposure to beryllium.

Tallevast filed a lawsuit against the company that owns the plant, Lockheed-Martin. And Lockheed spent years dragging out the lawsuit. Now, the reason I bring this up is because Lockheed-Martin happens to be the parent company of Sandia National Labs, the corporation that runs the WIPP site over in New Mexico. And this case at Tallevast is hardly unique. There are literally thousands of towns across the United States, many of them low-income or communities of color, that have become contaminated in similar ways.

Roman: And so the 10,000-year WIPP marker system feels really noble. But maybe a little misguided. I am all for taking care of people 10,000 years in the future. But I think the best way to do that is to start taking care of people that are alive today. That way, there might be humans in 10,000 years, and cats.

[music]

Don’t change color, kitty.
Keep your color, kitty.
Stay that pretty ray.

Don’t change color, kitty.
Keep your color, kitty.
Keep sickness away.

Don’t change color, kitty.
Keep your color, kitty.
Please, ’cause if you do,
Or glow your luminescent eyes,
We’re all gonna have to move.

Roman: 99% Invisible was produced this week by Matthew Kielty and Sam Greenspan with Katie Mingle, Avery Trufelman, and Lee Roman Mars. Special thanks to a bunch of people for helping us with this story: filmmaker Robb Moss, Matt Stroud, and Jordan Oplinger over at TheVerge, Evan Luwick at the DOE Carlsbad Field Office, Steve Lerner, author of Sacrifice Zones, and Emperor X aka Chad Matheny for composing the original song Don’t Change Color, Kitty which will be in your head for 10,000 years.

[music]

Or flash your eyes,
‘Cause Lord knows if you do,
I hope you think it’s cozy in your travel case,
Because it’s time to move.

Roman: We are a product of 91.7 local public radio KALW in San Francisco and produced at the offices of Arcsine, an architecture firm in beautiful downtown Oakland, California.

  1. Christopher Youngblood

    Uhm . . . This is the easiest thing in the world . . .

    Design a lock that requires a live animal to be sent into the irradiated cavern. The locking mechanism doesn’t end up opening the cavern, but unlocks a mechanism that returns the animal which, presumably, would be dead.

    They’ll get the idea.

    After the locking mechanism is in place, the icons don’t need to describe the danger; they can describe, in essence, the way to open the lock. Any would-be travelers into the irradiated zone would experiment until they solved the icon’s instructions. The mechanism would engage, transporting a live animal into the irradiated zone and returning a dead one.

    Done.

    1. Jacob

      Your idea effectively forces the would-be travelers to send one of their fellow travelers to their death. I mean, it would work, but I think the point is to not kill anyone.

    2. Bruce

      Uhm, would require a very complex and presumably powered mechanism that would function perfectly for 10,000 years. Plus you still have the fundamental problem of communicating process. Plus, what exactly is it you’re locking? An entryway through a wall? Walls are historically, irresistibly and inevitably scaled or breached. The point is to deter and communicate consequence — over a very large area.

    3. Krystal

      And how are you going to get these mechanisms to work after 10,000 years? And how will you relay to the future people that you need to place a living creature into a recepticle for testing? And how will they know how to interpret the results?

    4. Gwenhael

      So the traveller would conclude that great riches must be hidden behind the mechanism, since it is designed to kill intruders (Dungeons&Dragons, anyone?).

      The purpose is to inform people that they must stay away, not encourage them to try to get in.

      And by animal, you mean “guy with a red shirt”, right?

    5. Sasz

      “easiest thing in the world” to design a machine that still works in 10K y.

    6. I think the illustration where they’re concerned of reading in the wrong direction can be easily remedied. Just add an element that shows time progressing.

      Similar to how I think they included the tree to add information (that you take that poisonous radioactivity with you even after you leave the area), they can add something like a very prominent flower growing from seedling, to a tiny sprouting plant, to a bulb, to bloom, to petal loss.

      That’s my very quickly brainstormed thoughts on an illustration to express time progressing, I bet you can come up with much better ones with the group of egg heads they gathered.

  2. biting you in the eye

    regarding Christopher Youngblood’s theory…It also creates a “challenge” that could forever be attempted in the future. Like climbing Everest. Who will be the first to survive? And how would that mechanism be interpreted in ten thousand years? a challenge from the gods? the future generation could have regressed to be more a simple civilisation than we are now, after some apocalyptic incident for example. So the message should try and communicate to a higher intelligent generation of people, and to a much less intelligent generation than we are now

    Also, what “mechanism” do you know of has been working for the last 10 000 years? how would this mechanism be maintained? how would it continue working after 10000 years of use, and probably thousands of years of not being used, but then suddenly being activated? will it need a power source? what will that be?

    This topic has been given as a lecture at my art college for the last few years, and the students are asked to brainstorm the idea.
    One aspect about the skull and cross bones, is that it can also be interpreted as a tomb, or grave, and over the years it has been understood that riches can be found in these places, so grave robbers see opportunities.

    The answer that is given to the art students is the use of Edvard Munch’s ‘The Scream’ etched into the side of the structure. (which I believe along with all of the languages they are also applying) the thinking behind it is close to Mike Brills interpretation, that instead of information being communicated, emotion has to be. And “the Scream” is a non gender specific representation of a feeling that could happen when you encounter this place.
    The needle landscape could become an attraction, who knows, maybe the Pyramids of egypt used to be considered as a giant STAY AWAY sign? we got into those.

    This is the point of the art college lecture, making your audience feel something, can have more impact than communicating information alone.

    1. > how would it continue working after 10000 years

      Crazy thought. Perhaps there will emerge a small nation of neutral guards who, like those on the Wall in Game Thrones, guard the area regardless of what other political actors do.

  3. Of course, if one actually reads the paper– Expert Judgment on Markers to Deter Inadvertent Human Intrusion into the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (PDF)— one finds that the actual plan was for there to be four to five levels of text. The one that gets all the press is the Level I text, but since only an idiot would think that cartoons and the shapes of monuments is sufficient, the remaining levels explain things in deeper and deeper detail, via texts in the six main languages of the United Nations plus Mescalero Apache. Team A’s Level IV was complex enough to explain the periodic table and radioactivity to the Roman Empire. In addition, the proposed Level III message included a request to future generations to maintain the text. (From page F-123: “If the marker is difficult to read, add new markers in longer-lasting materials and copy this message in your language onto them.”)

    While I’m at it: your bones, like the bones of everyone else ever born in all of human history, will also be radioactive 200,000 years from now. When dealing with radiation hazards, the question is not “Is it radioactive?” Most things are. The questions are “What isotopes are present?” and “What chemical form are the isotopes in?” Europe and Japan don’t have the waste storage problems the United States has inflicted on itself, because Europe and Japan chemically process their waste to separate all the isotopes and manage each one according to its radiological and chemical quirks. (The USA doesn’t do this primarily because it’s expensive, and secondarily because the USA is phobic enough about all things radiological that proposals to build waste reprocessing plants draw howls of protest.)

    1. Marc

      Germany has the same problem with radioactive wast than all other counties have. They event haven’t found a place to store the wast properly. From 1967 to 1978 radioactive waste was stored in an research salt mine, in the mean time the salt flowed and water entered the chambers.

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asse_II_mine

    2. Hadn’t heard about Asse II; thanks for the pointer. But I’m afraid the reason is Asse II wasn’t much of a much. Read the Wikipedia article about it you cite: note that the site never held any high-level waste. It contained medium and low-level wastes, which are far easier to deal with and far less dangerous to have leak on you.

      Germany continues to reprocess its high-level wastes– they ship them to France, according to Nuclear Power in Germany. (Take that site with a grain of salt, though– it’s maintained by the industry.)

  4. BC

    Thinking about the idea of ‘culture’, I can understand why some people would think that culture survives, but with the exception of religious texts, what culture (and, in particular, what song) exists today that existed 1,000 years ago? The idea that an individual song would be remembered 10,000 years from now seems pretty silly. A song about a glowing cat, which has no relevance except to talk about radioactivity, isn’t even pertinent to modern-day people, so it’ll quickly be forgotten. The vast majority of culture will be forgotten or twisted into something completely different within a timespan of 1,000 years. (Heck, can you name a single song from the US’ civil war era?) Plus there’s the fact that glowing cats probably won’t exist at all in a thousand years because it’s harder for glowing cats to hunt for food.

    I think the only real solution is to hope that human civilization continues to exist — so those futuristic humans have radioactive detectors and understand what’s going on without us needing to tell them.

    1. hbp

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_%28song%29

      This song was a favorite of Lincoln himself. It was played at General Lee’s surrender.

      Furthermore, the point isn’t for a single song to last 10,000 years, it’s for the sentiment of Ray Cats to be a part of the culture. Have you ever heard of the Santa Claus? That’s how things get passed down, through cultural mores and values. It would only take a generation or two to instill the idea of ray cats. From there on, grandparents would tell horror stories about glowing radioactive cats, and while they wouldn’t be accurate, the next time that kid saw a glowing cat they would know to go the other way.

      Truly, were this the plan, all cats should be inoculated with Ray genes, but I’m sure too much of the internet would uproar.

  5. Sam Dupont

    Frankly, I find it had to believe that we will lose track of such vital information as that of where our nuclear waste is stored. I mean, we have records of the ancient landfills of Rome and Egypt, so why should we assume that humanity will forget this vital information in 10,000 years.

    Also, wouldn’t it just be easier to just build an impenetrable barrier to the facility. I’m thinking multiple layers of steel and concrete. after the 3rd layer, future humans might just give up. What i’m saying is that why bother with a door when you can have a solid wall.

    1. Peter

      I love engineering porn! I like the eerie text above the links to this page :)

  6. Juan R.

    If only this entry could survive 10,000 years, I would bet anything that regardless of what we do today, whoever encounters this toxic deposit in 10,000 years will find about its danger the same way our most primitive ancestors learned the dangers of building a hut in a floodplain or starting a campfire in the middle of a dry forest: The hard way.

  7. Lauren

    You should check out the Finnish Nuclear Deep Geological Repository (Onkalo) – it’s supposed to last for 100,000 years and is already under construction!

  8. RJP

    I think the brief is a little confused.

    The goal shouldn’t be to keep future generations out. Let’s assume that even if knowledge is lost and we enter some new dark age where folk don’t have a chance of understanding what radioactivity is, they will still be capable of making up their own mind about where they will and won’t go.

    The design challenge is limited to communicating – beyond changes to language, the forgetfulness of the past, and the loss of scientific knowledge – that an area contains a real danger to the health and well being of anyone who ventures in.

    If they find an effective way to do that then colour me impressed. But of course knowing that the design worked – well that may take a little time.

    Perhaps the real point in this episode is to question whether we should be doing things that leave messes for other people to clean up.

  9. Now I want a t-shirt that says “Don’t go in the place where the cats change color” – maybe with some multi-color cat silhouettes.

    1. Stefan

      I also want one. And the cat or the writing should be made of glow-in-the-dark-colour. That would be so awesome.

  10. sean

    Can’t you use the comic strip message but include roman numerals so they know the correct sequence? I, II, III is pretty hard to misinterpret.

    1. Stefan

      If you assume that they don’t read it as a countdown.

      Which makes me wonder: has there ever been a culture that counted time backwards? Like “It is five hours to nightfall” and two hours later “It is now three hours to nightfall”. We sometimes count down nights before christmas or working days until the weekend, so maybe our descendents will count down as well?

    2. 6pi

      I like the idea of comic strip. Instead of roman numerals, or in addition to, we can put some elements that have a clear temporal direction. We can include a falling object or a flying bird. I’m sure that a bird flying backwards should seem strange and so fix the strip order. Moreover, animals representation is in used since the beginning of the human culture.

    3. Crispin

      The trees growing in the background are intended to convey the correct direction of time passing, I think.

    1. Lauren

      Yes! I went on a tour of Onkalo last summer – you can just schedule it with the nuclear company (if you happen to be in the Scandinavian neighborhood). The tunnels are already dug and they’re testing different long-term nuclear storage techniques. It’s really interesting to hear it from an engineering perspective – no acknowledgement of possible failures because it is ‘designed to last’. It’s also quite different from WIPP, as it’s higher level nuclear waste and there will be no surface marking regime.

    2. Daniel

      Wow! I didn’t know that you can visit it. That sounds amazing! I’m in Denmark, so I could totally go there, but being a student I don’t really have the money to go on a trip… I’ll try to save up some money, because this is definitely a place I’d like to visit!

  11. Timothy Vogel

    For a fictional look at this, check out Deep Storm, by Lincoln Child. Aliens leave waste on Earth, and we ignore the labels. Action-adventure, not too bad. I wonder if the author used some of the sources mentioned here today for reference.

  12. Kate

    Big Emperor X fan here. Clicking on the link to his Bandcamp page will take you to not only the full length version of this awesome song and a good range of some of his previous releases (and there is a ton more of his stuff available on youtube), but also to a fantastic and detailed exploration of how this song, it’s concept/goal, and the technological/cultural abilities of it (and of audio in general) may be degraded and shifted and then still possibly accessed in a far-reaching future. Interesting and fun stuff. Thanks for the episode!

  13. Especially given that you’re based out of Oakland, you should look into The Long Now Foundation who has designed and is in the process of building a 10,000 year clock.

    The problem that you did an excellent job of making clear is that there just isn’t an inexpensive way to pass this message down through the eons. What about marking the site with a profound absence of anything any future people would want? Suppose the ground for a hundred miles around was plowed with so much salt that the land would be barren for 10,000 years. The mine shaft filled entirely with rubble and concrete, the entire area turned into an inhospitable, featureless waste so desolate no one could survive the trek through it and no one would want to anyway.

  14. Daniel Cochran

    The premise given states that the warning should be designed for actual humans–so in that case you’d want to develop a marker system using the human form. I’d propose this:

    Three statues placed at even distances in the hallway leading to the doorway of the waste site.

    The first: A statue in the middle of the hallway displaying the universal sign for stop–a man or woman standing with an arm outstretched palm pressed forward and a stern look chiseled on the face. You could make this statue out of titanium or something else ultra durable.

    The second: The same figure clutching their throat hunched over gasping for breath. One could make this statue more gruesome to multiply the effect.

    The third: The same figure on the ground dead.

    By using this model the meaning would be pretty obvious as unwitting explorers made their way down the hallway. But all these methods really seem totally unnecessary from my point of view. Even with the biggest disaster I can imagine and I don’t seen technology disappearing and so our language and culture would be well documented. So I think a simple sign stating “Warning: dangerous waste buried here” would suffice.

  15. The idea of ray cats was cute, but I imagined that cats would also evolve over 10,000 years. If there was no reason for that color changing gene to remain, it might fade away.

    Now, my initial idea was to create a living Rosetta Stone. Every 50 years or so, the marker should be updated with the current icon/words that warn people away. However, I like where you ended. If our current society can not protect its citizens, there won’t be any humans to protect 10,000 years from now.

    1. 10,000 years isn’t long enough for evolution to have much effect. The Rosetta Stone idea wouldn’t survive a major collapse. The site could easily be lost for thousands of years. The people who rediscover the site could easily speak a completely different language.

    2. Daniel

      My best bet for keeping future humans out would be simply forgetting all about it. If we seal up the entrance, cover it up with tons of dirt and make it look natural, future civilizations won’t see anything special about the place and just move on. If we bury the waste far enough down and conceal it enough, by the time humans will be able to get down to the waste their civilization will know about radiation already.

      A Rosetta Stone won’t even work in a post-nuclear war scenario which would be the most likely future civilization with less technology than us.

    3. I had a similar suggestion but it’d be a problem if people settled on top of the site, so we need to make it inhospitable. I was thinking about plowing it with so much salt and such that nothing would grow for a hundred miles for the next 10,000 years.

  16. jeebus

    Ray cats, cute, but clearly not a scientists idea. 3 liters per year over 10,000 years for a gene that had no selective advantage. There’s an excellent chance that the ray cats would be either extinct (that could only take tens of years to achieve), or the genetic modification lost. Throw in some selective disadvantage–cats glow when they’re exposed to a little radiation, which helps the coyotes and raccoons see them better and reduces their fitness because they’re worse ambush predators, which wipes out the ray cats. Or, maybe we get ray cats who adapt to living near radioactivity (many existing gene pathways repair damage from ionizing radiation) and thrive. Or, maybe Earth’s atmosphere changes to allow in more cosmic radiation, and now ray cats everywhere glow. Ah, and when our civilization crashes, non-ray cats will thrive in our post-apocalyptic ruins, interbreed with ray cats, and dilute glow-gene right out of the population. Unless we exterminated all cats now, and reintroduced ray cats everywhere…. If you believe in evolution, a living organism isn’t the best way of creating an immutable warning system that would endure thousands of generations. In fact, the inevitable evolution of our species and culture over thousands of years is the crux of the problem. Full circle.

  17. SD

    Why don’t they bury this stuff in a uranium mine, or in natural uranium—or otherwise radioactive—deposits? Doesn’t solve the problem of it being stumbled upon but, like from “Alice’s Restaurant”: “And we decided that one big pile [of garbage] is better than two little piles, and rather than bring that one up we decided to throw our’s down.”

    Seeing as we probably aren’t planning on cleaning up or tyring to label such naturally hazardous sites for future generations (seems we’re too busy doing quite the opposite, creating plenty of unnatural hazards for posterity), it seems workable, at least to clear our consciences a smidgen. Because, hey, they might stumble upon that uranium deposit anyway. A few thousand additional icky gloves isn’t going to make it any worse for them once they’re elbow-deep into the uranium.

    1. Steve

      Well, the stuff in the middle of uranium mines turns out to be radioactive schist in geologically ‘recent’ abduction zones, so adding hot stuff, and kittenish rules about taking it out for a finite lease, make it less containable and compliant monitoring a chore. The air quality to-do alone looms and taxes sequestration well planning.
      Disruptive innovation can still go well and get us a nicer mineral exchange of course…

    1. I was able to get a used copy. It’s essentially the book version of this article, or rather, the article is like a good introduction to that book.

      Great job, putting this together!

  18. Gonzalo

    So the song is in english, so what’s the difference of having a sign written in english really warning about the effects of radiactive waste ?
    I propose to inform all countries the location of this waste site and reach an agreement of updating the sign every 100 years, and thus ensuring we have an updated warning message for future generations.
    The idea of agree this with other countries is to ensure the continuity of this plan even if the US happens to dissapear for some X reason.

    1. Sasz

      What if countries disappear? The idea of nation states is a relatively recent one. The simple unfortunate truth is that there hasn’t been a 10K y run of civilization without “interruption” locally and/or globally. It’s probably safe to assume that at some point the sites would be rediscovered by some future civilization.

  19. Josh Levine

    Am I the only one left who remembers the impressive Anti-WIPP Protests in Santa Fe, Circa 1990?

    One issue was the risk that radiation would somehow seep out of the site before 200,000 years was up and present its dangerous properties. 20 years later — it has already happened!

    In 10,000 years, it’s a good bet that if life exists, this site will be anything but a secret. More likely it will be treated like fire — very dangerous and all too familiar.

  20. This gets me thinking… what if strange and unknown monuments that are still on the Earth today are from our ancestors trying to warn us to stay away. No one really knows why Stonehenge was built. Maybe it was built to mark a spot that could do harm? It’s like one of the previous episodes states. Humans have always been so intrigued by ruins. It’s also true to say that humans are especially intrigued if the ruins are mysterious.

    We should be careful about how we construct barricades around a radioactive site, because who knows, maybe one day we will have shuttle busses shipping tourists to the Stonehenge of the future.

    1. This gets me thinking about archeologists like Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon, who togetjer discovered Tutunkhamun’s tomb. Famously, the tomb was ‘cursed’ and many people involved in the discovery, include Carter and Carnarvon themselves, died soon afterwards, apparent victims of the curse. But perhaps they just got some kind of radiation poisining?

      This also reminds me of the clues and symbols that Indiana Jones has to negotiate in, in particular, ‘Raiders of the Lost Ark’ and ‘The Last Crusade’. In both cases, he decipher’s messages handed down accross millenia, designed so that only the right sort of person can access the sacred relics. Perhaps these radioactive sites need similar contraptions embedded within the caverns?

    2. Ryan Scheel

      Stonehenge is a tool to measure temporally cyclic phenomenon such as solstices.

  21. Random thoughts:

    – The skull and crossbones is pretty good. The article dismisses it too quickly. It only works as a meme on toddler stuff because of the irony factor.

    – If the kind of society we know today is still going then, it won’t be a problem. We’ll know where the stuff is (and/or what it means).

    – If there’s been a breakdown of society (so that we’re back to living like our ancestors did 10,000 years ago), then meh. Life expectancy will be such that this will not be a huge issue. There’s a limit to the extent that we should beat ourselves up about this. I suspect that most of this debate is really about trying extra-extra-extra hard to show to opponents of nuclear power that we’ve done all we can. Frankly, I doubt if they’re going to change their minds based on whether or not they approve of our labelling. And nuclear is going to be an essential component of any energy programme that wants to cut greenhouse emissions. (Now *there’s* a problem for our civilisation.)

  22. Moe

    I say that the best solution is simply to hide it. Bury everything deep enough that it won’t come up any time soon and make sure it’s hard to tell that anything was there. So long as there’s no reason to believe there’s anything of value nearby, nobody is likely to bother digging it up.

    1. Sami

      I agree. I think it doesn’t matter how we would mark it, future generations would still go on and have a look, just because, well, we are curious species. So we should just hide it and leave a sign in the deep entry, as plain English “We are sorry”.

  23. Well i really think it depends on future generations as well. You need a solid base, but if they won’t protect it it will be a waste of time and money. It’s hard to bury it and “forget” about it, it has to be marked somewhere so that we know it’s there and don’t plan any excavations soon in that area :)

  24. sinigred

    Dangerous is this store or not, to decide the future generations. The only thing they really need to know is about the contents of the repository. The sign should look simple and clear, for example schematic representation of the molecules. If civilization will collapse, it will not be able to get to the store if technical progress will not stop, molecular structure will not change and will quite understandable.

  25. ray

    What can you say about this? We are polluting the earth for the coming hundreds of centuries, only for money and war. While we continue doing that, we waste huge amounts of (tax payers) money to try to solve the insolvable waste problem. There is truly only one thing we communicate to the people that might live in the future on this planet; HOW STUPID WE ARE!

  26. Steve

    How much stable dye variety is there for cast granite, anyhow?

    ray has a competing idea for nonpositive values of compete! If you mine so much as arable land you still find star stuff you can’t handle like this. What could be more enduring than the Rad Runner platformer with notes that the important power-ups don’t exist (or for higher difficulty object pointers, Fallout 3: Vegas and its VM, with similar notes) and a map of expected isotope profiles by area for comparison. As if trollfaces will change in only 10,000 years? NEUTRON OK O’RLLY.

  27. Vladimir

    I know the answer. They could leave a “tester” near. It’s not dangerous for big areas. People could explore and understand the harm. On the picture they could show, that it is a litle part of big box

  28. Infrabass (subliminal low-frequency sound such as that produced by a church organ) triggers a fear response in humans. I think with sufficient engineering, you could use that wind-driven aeolian tone generator idea Gregory Benford proposed and basically build a giant wind-powered 5-15 Hz resonator out of concrete or other hardwearing material.

    That should deter settlement near that spot until primitive societies become able to destroy such a robust structure. To increase robustness, use more concrete. To increase volume, construct more resonators.

    This idea fails if the wind inlet gets buried in sand over time.

  29. kaktus papa

    Надо “пиздец” написать. Русские поймут. Все равно там черз 10000 лет будет территория СССР))

  30. Alan

    Any warning must be based on the basic structure of the human body that is unlikely to evolve substantially over 10K years. Posting carvings of a human skull with the jaw slightly altered so as not to appear smiling is one possibility. Another possibility is a stick figure oriented sideways, slightly bent over, with vomit falling to the ground. This is a universal physical reaction to detected poisons which I assume will not change over many years.

  31. Alan

    It is interesting that the cultural based proposals essentially involve creating a “meme.” Perhaps Richard Dawkins (The Selfish Gene) can help us to understand how memes evolve.

  32. Eric

    Why we don’t send our nuclear waste into the infinity of space is beyond me.
    Pack it up and ship it out in any direction.

    But the idea of Ray Cats is amazing. Absolutely, hilariously amazing.

    1. Cory

      A rocket exploding on the way up could cause massive exposure to deadly radiation that could wipe out large portions of the developed world. Digression into not understanding the dangers of these sites would happen sooner.

  33. Alan

    personally I think that we should use the comic strip idea, but put both roman numerals and arrows to indicate the direction to read, as both of those are hard to misinterpret, plus use skulls and crossbones and other symbols of death. After all, the more symbols you use, the more likely that at least one of them will be interpreted in the way we mean it, and if there are a hundred symbols on an ancient building and even one of them makes me think death, there is no way I’m going in there. The problem with shooting the waste into space is that it is way more expensive than shoving it into the ground, and the problem with the ray cats is that there is no way to know whether or not they will survive as a species. And there is literally no way to 100% guarantee that anything that we do will have any effect on anything. After all, a meteor might hit Earth right there and obliterate all of everything we do along these lines, as well as opening a hole straight into the radioactive containment chamber for people to explore as they wish. We just have to set up as much as we can and hope and pray that something works.

  34. No one commenting here understands the least bit about radiation.
    This 10,000 year project is ridiculous – none of this material would pose a danger any where near that long.
    Long lived radiation is not bad. Something radioactive for 14 billion years, totally safe to deal with, something radioactive for a day – very energetic. The WIPP is very deep, very safe, and stable for millions of years. The WIPP was and is a great asset to the US and provides safe storage for millenia.
    The Earth is very radioactive – there is background radiation everywhere – do you live in Denver, then you are getting cosmic radiation as well as huge doses of radiation from the rocks in the mountains.
    Your bananas are radioactive, your granite counter is radioactive, your natural gas you cook and heat with is radioactive, your kitty litter is radioactive – your smoke detectors are made from by-products of plutonium production. That radiation saves millions of lives – as well as Xrays, and Therapies for cancer.
    Get over your uneducated fear of radiation and learn what it is – not what you think it is.
    The sun is the largest source of intense radiation we have – you need sun to get vitamin D, but too much sun and you get a burn, too much sun exposure over long periods may give you cancer. So, is the sun to be feared?, or should it be understood and dealt with.
    We live in a very radioactive world – learn about what that has meant for life on earth – and then you will understand it, know how to deal with it, and you wont fear it.

  35. Jen

    Fascinating design problem and great show. Have you read “A Canticle for Leibowitz”? It’s a post apocalyptic novel from 1960 that tells the story of monks protecting papers from the pre-war time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Canticle_for_Leibowitz There is an ironic twist based on the problem the WIPP people are trying to solve.
    I have to ask – if we can’t store it safely then shouldn’t we stop making more of it til we do?

  36. ad kl

    I can address some of the proposals here.

    That part of New Mexico has a ton of oil and potash mining, right up to the edge of the boundary of the site. So there are a lot of reasons that people would like to just drill right through it. If they didn’t know what was down there in the salt ~0.5 mile down, they would drill right through it.

    The entrance is not like a cave. Currently, there are three shafts that do directly down from the surface to the repository. They will be filled in with mined salt, concrete, asphalt, and even the equipment that they currently use to bring the waste down. So, at the surface, it will be relatively flat (like the rest of the desert there) and you might not know that there had been a mining operation there. The DOE will be there for the first 100 years following closure of the repository, to monitor the site.

    For those proposing a salting of the land for 100 miles, keep in mind that one of the largest cities in New Mexico, Carlsbad, is only about 30 miles away (that’s where the workers live currently).

  37. Roxie

    music is universal. why not shape rocks in a delicate manner that a little flow of wind creates a stressing sound that makes it hard to withstand? I’m so late -___-

  38. Shannon

    Sorry if this has already been said.
    I think it’s interesting that the premise for this project assumes a sort of dystopian future. I mean, sure, we have trouble interpreting the lives of people who lived 10,000 years ago, but our society is so much more advanced and well-documented. Our relics will last much longer, and since we already practice archaeology and historical preservation today, there’s no reason to think these fields wont just get better over time.
    I think it’s a safer assumption that humans 10,000 years from now /will/ understand many of our languages and symbols, than that they won’t. Just stick the cartoon described on there, as well as the words “DO NOT ENTER, HARMFUL RADIATION,” in many languages, and some Xs and Sick-faces and radiation symbols and so on. Future travelers will understand that some important message is being delivered, and the odds are pretty good that someone in their civilization will be able to decode it.
    If this future society is entirely devoid of records of the past, it probably has bigger problems than one radioactive site.

  39. Geoff

    I mean, realistically you need to mark it for a hundred years or so, at which point it’s as radioactive as the uranium deposit where the fuel was first pulled out. Do we mark every uranium deposit with 10,000 year signs warning people to keep out? Of course not.

  40. Jeff G

    So, I only heard this episode today. Sorry I’m late to the party, Roman.

    But you’ve started a thing. The SONG now exists – you’ve started the process of creating the cultural history. But the cats don’t. Which means you’ve created a warning, which could cause people to be LOOKING for radcats, but never see them because said creatures don’t actually exist.

    You have a responsibility now to create the radcats and release them at the site.

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